Furniture Design Ideas

The following description is primarily limited to the role of the operator as a system component. First it is helpful to examine the operator’s ability to fulfil the goals of the system. Of course, many other factors influence the operator and thus the operator’s work. The operator as a contributor to, as well as a […]

There have been many different attempts to produce a model of a human being as an information processor. Many of these have attempted to describe a person math­ematically as an information processor in complex systems (see Timonen, 1980, for an overview of these). It is typical of these mathematical models that they can only handle […]

A human operator can become just as important a component in a regulatory or con­trol system as the electronic or mechanical components. Constant regulation (where the operator puts in new set values at certain intervals—running orders) is normally found in industrial processes. The concept of ‘controller’ should only be used where the worker is an […]

In open control, the control equipment is not affected by the object or process. Cer­tain types of control equipment in central heating systems are examples of open con­trol (see Figure 2.9). The control equipment has the job of reducing the temperature in the water used for heating at night, according to a preset programme. The […]

A general model of human/machine systems will be considered (see also van Cott and Kinkade, 1972; Ivergard, 1982). Control is defined in international standards as a general concept to denote pur­poseful influence. Figure 2.8 shows schematically the main components of a control system. The system has input quantities (y) and output quantities (yo) respectively. The […]

It is not difficult to design a model that reflects in a general way how human/machine interaction is usually affected by computerisation as normally carried out in process industries. Moreover, at a general level, the model would not be particularly compli­cated. The usual reason for working with such a grossly simplified view of human/ machine […]

Before entering discussions about the different forms of models for human/computer systems in the process industry, it is important first to look more closely at the rea­sons behind the demand for computerisation and automation. 2.1.1 Motives fOR Automation and Computerisation As in other industries, there is usually a requirement that investments must be eco­nomically profitable. […]

Toni Ivergard and Brian Hunt CONTENTS 1.1 General Models………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12 1.1.1 Motives for Automation and Computerisation…………………………….. 12 1.1.2 Examples of Computerisation in Process Industries……………………… 15 1.2 Basic Control Concepts and Human/Machine Models…………………………….. 19 1.2.1 Open and Closed Controls…………………………………………………………….. 20 1.2.2 Human/Machine Control Systems……………………………………………….. 22 1.3 Models of Complex Human/Machine Systems………………………………………… 27 1.3.1 Models of Operators […]

Computerisation often involves the amalgamation of the larger process units into a single control room. This adds to the operator’s responsibilities since the economic value of what is controlled increases, which in turn increases the fear of any fault arising. In addition, the operator ends up further away from the actual process. There is thus […]

Toni Ivergard and Brian Hunt CONTENTS 1.1 Computerisation…………………………………………………………….. 1.2 Paradigm Shift: From Control Rooms to Control Centres References and Further Reading………………………………………………. Traditionally, human work was of the handicraft type engaged in by workers using only the very simplest of tools. Normally, whole handicraft items were produced by the work of one person from beginning to […]