Jeng-I Tsai and Fong-Long Feng Abstract Earthquakes and typhoons have affected land use and land cover (LU/LC) in Taiwan, but an endemic grass, Arundo formosana, remains widely distributed. However, we lack knowledge about the niche of A. formosana. The purpose of this study was to estimate the area of A. formosana distribution by using scientific […]
Category: Designing Low Carbon Societies in Landscapes
Revitalizing Pekarangan Conserves Protected Area
Pekarangan systems are sustainable examples of systems represented by reliably recycling nutrients, preserving soils, and conserving protected areas indirectly. Some environmental benefits are obtained from pekarangan. In many cases, revitalizing pekarangan conserves a protected area and tends to reduce encroachment of the forest (Table 17.2). Mainly in West Java, some forests outside the protected areas […]
Indirect Benefits from Pekarangan
There are also some benefits that could be derived indirectly from pekarangan other than those already mentioned: benefits to women, wealth or position in labor markets, access to obtain credit, additional income-generating activities, postproduction activities, and also as storage. The role of women in pekarangan is hypothetically an impact by the selection of plants and […]
Wage Security and Social Status for Household
Some respondents said that they used pekarangan for getting credit or loans from a formal bank or an informal lender. Pekarangan is positioned as a guarantee to obtain access for the bank. In addition, for those who have a main occupation with regular salary, they have an opportunity to obtain credit. In some cases, the […]
Household Income
The income derived from pekarangan production contributed up to 11.5 % to total income derived from the main occupations of all family members. The members of the household may sell the products of pekarangan, including fruits, vegetables, animal products, and other valuable materials such as bamboo or wood for construction or fuel. Some of the […]
Benefits from Pekarangan
17.4.3.1 Plants and Animals for Family Health The production of plants and animals in pekarangan gave much nutrition that significantly influenced the family’s health. Four nutrition types were elaborated to determine the contribution of pekarangan production to a family’s diet: calories, protein, vitamin A, and vitamin C. There were no statistically significant differences for those […]
Plant Heterogeneity in Pekarangan
A higher heterogeneity was predominantly found in the pekarangan system because of a large number of ornamental plants, meaning pekarangan can be more adaptable to human disturbance (Fig. 17.7). Plants are mostly ornamental in utilization (47.2 %) and predominantly 0-1 m in height (51.2 %). In addition, plants with height more than 2 m were […]
The Respondents
The household number in each pekarangan is 4.6 persons, on average. The range of household members numbered from one to ten persons. The head of household most often was male (93.8 %); the rest of heads were women (6.3 %). The results showed that most respondents’ communities were more often patriarchates. The head of household […]
Species Evenness (Simpson Index)
The Simpson index is used to emphasize the evenness of species (Nagendra 2002). Producing values from 0 to 1, Simpson’s index defines the probability that two equal-sized pekarangan, selected at random, belong to different pekarangan areas. The D also represents the uniformity of individual quantities of various species, which means the more species, the higher […]
Data Analysis
Data were gathered on the relationship between the biodiversity indices and the structures of pekarangan. The relationships were calculated by four indices: the Margalef, Shannon-Wienner, Simpson, and S0rensen indices. Those indices, which have different functions, show some significant results related to heterogeneity in pekarangan. 17.3.4.1 Species Richness (Margalef Index) The Margalef index is a species […]