Furniture Design Ideas

During the simulation of the evolution of a plant population, we must decide in each case to what point of accuracy one wants to control the system be­ing produced, and how much effort is acceptable. The appropriate techniques discrete methods ^ are divided into continuous and discrete methods based on individuals (see [7, 76]). A […]

In Sect. 2.9 we already pointed out that for the description of populations of individual plants as well as of plant associations, statistical models are neces­sary. In ecology there is a large selection of books discussing the determination of distribution values based on given measurements. Additionally, fundamental procedures are found in the standard works on […]

Phyllotaxis is the term for the regular arrangement of outer plant organs such as leaves, blossoms or seeds along branches or in a bud. In Sect. 2.1 the distribu­tion of leaves along the shoot axis was already discussed, and in the preceding section similar distributions of compound leaves were found. The arrangement of the leaves […]

The theory of fractals allows for new mathematical ways to describe a number of natural objects. At this point, however, we cannot discuss the formalism or the consequences of the fractal theory in general, we are merely sketching the description of botanical branching structures as fractal objects. For a more in-depth review see Mandelbrot’s well-known […]

We can use a classification system to assign a numerical value to each knot and to each edge of the topological branching structure, called its reference or ordinal number. In the botanical sense, a closely approximated allocation is the time of origin of the knot and/or the corresponding bud and the branch. The trunk receives […]

Already in the preceding chapters, we differentiated between the geometrical and topological characteristics of trees. At this point, we reiterate these differ­ences, for the sake of clarity. In the following chapters, when we speak about the production or rendering of a tree, we specifically mean the reproduction of the outer appearance of the plant, its […]

Plants as Mathematical Objects In order to generate a mathematical description of branching structures, we need formulations coming from statistics because of the underlying random processes of parameters such as branching frequency, growth direction and/or the lengths of the branches. The same case arises for quantitatively describing plant populations. In this chapter we will discuss […]

Plants On the rather regional and detailed level of such local ecosystems, a description of the individual vegetation types can be produced by means of so-called plant formations. The description uses a physiognomic classification according to life forms (species), such as in the already discussed way in vegetation science. Schroeder [192] proposes 11 classes of […]

Since also entire plant societies are to be modeled later in this book, In this chapter we are also concerned with the description of vegetation. The vegeta­tion geography is the field that is occupied with the evolution of plant com­munities. Areal science is a part of vegetation geography that describes the spatial distribution of plants. […]

No matter how leaves evolved, it may be through evolution, as suggested by the telome theory, through planation, and/or deformation, or through other mecha­nisms, a leaf consists of four main parts, the leaf blade, the expanded portion of the leaf, the petiole (leaf base), the rhachis (leaf stalk), connecting the blade to the stem, and […]