Category: LANDSCAPE PLANNING

Irrigation duration

Irrigation duration refers to required time for each irrigation. This duration is a function of net water application depth, precipitation rate of sprinkler and irrigation efficiency. Irrigation duration is calculated by the following formula Ta=dn/(Pr*Ea) (13) Where. Ta: Irrigation duration. h. dn: net water application depth. mm Pr: Precipitation rate. mm/h Ea: Application efficiency. % […]

Sprinkler flow

Sprinkler heads changes according to properties of cross-sectional area of orifice, operating pressure and processing property of orifice. Because of head losses, sprinkler head loses pressure as goes from beginning of lateral towards to end of lateral. Therefore decrease in flows occurs (Anonymous, 2010). Difference of maximum 10% in flow and 20% in pressure across […]

Scheduling coefficient

Scheduling coefficient helps us to define how much critical dry area shall be left in irrigated area and irrigation duration being necessary for its application to eliminate this area (Zoldoske. 2003). In calculation of SC. it is useful to be benefitted from computer program. Due to limitations in DU approach SC gains value especially in […]

Distribution uniformity (DU)

Distribution uniformity is one of the methods which is preferred in determining uniformity in irrigated area. In this method, amount of precipitation is measured by means of caps placed in irrigated area. Then uniformity value is determined by estimating average catch amount belong to quarter which has least water with average catch amount of irrigated […]

Sprinkler heads

The most important parts of sprinkler irrigation system are certainly sprinkler heads. Sprinkler heads are placed at certain intervals over laterals. As well as sprinkler heads is placed on a riser over lateral, they are generally embedded underground in landscape irrigation and known as pop up. Pop up heads do irrigation, moving over soil surface […]

Submain line

Submain pipes are the same type of pipes with main pipes. The highest cost in irrigation systems is cost concerning pipes and mainly main pipes. In choosing of irrigation pipes, pipes which have minimum capacity to meet requirements of flow in system should be chosen. By purpose of water distribution to be provided in different […]

Control units

Operating units generated in pressurized irrigation systems have possibility of being operated on time and duration which is desired by the help of control units. As well as control units are used in garden-type small irrigation area having only one operation, the more developed ones can be done by means of a program which can […]

Pressure gauge

Operating pressure of sprinkler head within system requires to be obtained steady. Since changes such as increase or decrease to be occurred in operating pressure affect flow value to be ejected by heads, they prevent corresponding water diffusion from being provided. Due to over pressure to be applied in irrigation units, it causes occurrence of […]

Water supply

In sprinkler irrigation systems, rivers, lakes, well water, dam can use as a source of water. Urban drinking water schemes and wells are generally used in Landscape irrigation. 4.1.1 Pump units In sprinkler irrigation system, water should be sprayed from the headings under a certain pressure. This pressure is called as a head-operating pressure. In […]

Irrigation methods

The way of irrigation water supplied to the crop root zone is called as irrigation method. In determining the irrigation method for use, soil and topographic features of the land, plant type, irrigation water supply, labor and technical skills conditions, facilities and operating costs and climatic data of region are factors that are needed to […]