Furniture Design Ideas

In contrast to the two natural-science perspectives presented above, the understanding of “naturalness” and “wilderness” for the general public, but also for local stakeholders, is generally broader, but also individually very different, as studies by Rink (2005) and Bauer (2005) show. This runs the risk that significant qualitative differences between the different types of urban […]

The retrospective approaches, which evaluate the naturalness of areas by comparing them with conditions that haven’t been influenced by humans, have a long tradition. This is due to the fact that the specific natural devel­opment of urban-industrial sites was recognized in ecological research relatively late. There are, however, a few authors, little-recognized today, that early […]

For about one hundred years, numerous approaches for scientifically clas­sifying the naturalness of vegetation types and ecosystems have been de­veloped. They share the fact that they evaluate varying degrees of natural­ness or, reciprocally, they evaluate the extent of human influence. They share the further characteristic that a defined reference point of maximum naturalness is often […]

The question of the naturalness of urban woodland types leads, undeniab­ly, to starkly varying answers. The differences have to do with the differ­ent histories of the stands (Table 2), and also with differences in percep­tions of naturalness, which vary dramatically across different geographic reference areas and between different social groups (e. g. Henderson 1992; Ewert […]

A fundamental feature of the urban species pool is the prevalence of non­native species that were introduced accidentally to urban habitats or that escaped from cultivation (Kowarik 1995). As a consequence, non-native species play a large role in reforestation processes on urban abandoned ar­eas, but are significantly less important on peri-urban sites, for example, during […]

The leeway for the agency of natural mechanisms is significantly greater in urban-industrial woodlands than in woodlands used for forestry or in those resulting from urban greening. The latter two are usually heavily influ­enced by the initial plantings, and by use and maintenance. On urban – industrial abandoned areas, in contrast, the ecosystem dynamics are […]

As post-industrial uses are often not possible in the areas affected by struc­tural change, the abandonment of sites is a signal for the development of a new type of urban-industrial forest by natural colonization processes. In the German Ruhr, this new forest type is widely dispersed across sites of the iron and steel industries and […]

Stands of trees that present forest characteristics can develop from large – scale planting of trees in park areas, but also from street trees and restora­tion plantings. Because such stands are determined based on functional goals and are often designed and maintained from artistic-aesthetic per­spectives, woodlands resulting from urban greening are heavily culturally influenced. An […]

Virgin, natural woodlands were transformed into elements of the tradi­tional cultural landscape when their structure and species composition were heavily influenced by historical or modern silvicultural uses (e. g. woodland pastures, reforestation partly with non-native species; Pott and Huppe 1991; Zerbe 2004). The habitat continuity of such woodlands can still be quite high when it […]

Remnants of pristine forests are usually understood to be non-urban for­ests, far outside the impact area of cities. They can, however, occur as peri­urban woodlands and even as isolated urban woodlands in the centers of cities. An example of the latter is the oak-hemlock forest that today lies in the middle of the Bronx as […]