Furniture Design Ideas

Independent of their location relative to urban agglomerations, peri-urban as well as non-urban woodlands can vary tremendously in their origins and development history. In addition to the spatial dimension illustrated in Ta­ble 1, the urban woodland matrix is also determined by its origins. In this second dimension, four woodland types can be differentiated (Table 2). […]

The spatial interweaving of urban woodlands and developed areas favors the exchange of species in both directions. Numerous cultivated plants dis­perse themselves as escapees from gardens and parks into neighboring woodlands or are carried into such areas as garden waste (Hodkinson and Thompson 1997). Urban woodlands are generally rich in non-native spe­cies especially along their […]

Peri-urban woodlands are especially affected by wet or dry deposition as well as that resulting from recreational activities. The spread of nitrophi – lous species is interpreted to be a result of nitrogen deposition (Kowarik and Sukopp 1984). Muller et al. (1978) correlated the presence of high-N indicator species (Ellenberg’s indicator species) with the use […]

Urban uses often lead to the fragmentation of woodlands and to stark divi­sions within stands through intended and unintended paths and horseback­riding trails as well as roads. In this way, small woodland patches with high edge-to-interior ratios are created. Forest fragmentation generally en­hances pioneer species or non-native species that respond well to an in­creased availability […]

Various types of woodlands may first be differentiated based on their loca­tion relative to urban areas. By this spatial approach, urban woodlands can be differentiated from peri – and non-urban woodlands (Table 1). • Urban woodlands may be completely surrounded by developed areas and therefore be forest islands within the city. Most of the time, […]

Based solely on their location in the center of urban agglomerations, new urban-industrial woodlands could provide substantial social functions for the nearby residents and fulfill significant ecological functions. There are, however, obstacles in the way. The acceptance of the new woodlands by the local public, is, to put it carefully, uncertain. While “the forest” in […]

Ingo Kowarik Institute of Ecology, Technical University Berlin New woodlands as a response to social and economic changes Since the Neolithic Revolution, a decline in pristine forests has occurred in Europe. Around 750 AD Germany was still approximately 90% covered by forest. The growth in agriculture and the wave of cities being founded led to […]

The outstanding social and ecological roles of urban forests in the growth of cities has become widely known. In many parts of the world, despite or even because of continuing suburbanization, initiatives are being put forth to preserve urban forests, to develop them further and to make them acces­sible to the public. This volume focuses […]