CONTENTS
A1 Introduction A.1 Introduction
Quantitative analysis needs numbers. Many of those needed to understand and quantify eco-aspects of material production and use are presented in the Chapters of the text.
■ Table 2.1: approximate efficiency factors for energy conversion and the associated CO2 emission per useful MJ.
■ Table 6.5: the energy content of fossil fuels and the CO2 they emit when burnt.
■ Table 6.6: the energy efficiency of electricity generation and the related CO2 per useful kWhr.
■ Table 6.7: the energy and CO2 costs of alternative modes of transport.
■ Table 9.6: the energy and CO2 rating of cars as a function of mass.
■ Chapter 12: data sheets listing the attributes of 47 of the most widely used materials.
This appendix assembles further useful numbers and conversion factors.
A.2 Physical constants in SI units
|
Physical constant |
Value in SI units |
|
|
Absolute zero temperature |
-273.2 |
°C |
|
Acceleration due to gravity, g |
9.807 |
m/s2 |
|
Avogadro’s number, NA |
6.022 X 1023 |
– |
|
Base of natural logarithms, e |
2.718 |
– |
|
Boltzmann’s constant, k |
1.381 X 10-23 |
J/K |
|
Faraday’s constant k |
9.648 X 104 |
C/mol |
|
Gas constant, R |
8.314 |
J/mol/K |
|
Physical constant |
Value in SI units |
|
|
Permeability of vacuum, p,0 |
1.257 X 10-6 |
H/m |
|
Permittivity of vacuum, e0 |
8.854 X 10~12 |
F/m |
|
Planck’s constant, h |
6.626 X 10~34 |
J/s |
|
Velocity of light in vacuum, c |
2.998 X 108 |
m/s |
|
Volume of perfect gas at STP |
22.41 X 10~3 |
m3/mol |
A.3 Conversion of units, general
|
Quantity |
Imperial unit |
SI unit |
|
Angle, 6 |
1 rad |
57.30° |
|
Density, p |
1 lb/ft3 |
16.03 kg/m3 |
|
Diffusion coefficient, D |
1 cm3/s |
1.0 X 10~4 m2/s |
|
Energy, U |
See Section A5 |
|
|
Force, F |
1 kgf |
9.807 N |
|
1 lbf |
4.448 N |
|
|
1 dyne |
1.0 X 10~5 N |
|
|
Length, l |
1 ft |
304.8 mm |
|
1 inch |
25.40 mm |
|
|
1 A |
0.1 nm |
|
|
Mass, M |
1 tonne |
1000 kg |
|
1 short ton |
908 kg |
|
|
1 long ton |
1107 kg |
|
|
1 lb mass |
0.454 kg |
|
|
Power, P |
See Section A5 |
|
|
Stress, a |
See Section A4 |
|
|
Specific heat, Cp |
1 cal/gal.°C |
4.188 kJ/kg.°C |
|
Btu/lb.°F |
4.187 kg/kg.°C |
|
|
Stress intensity, K1c |
1 ksi Vin |
1.10 MN/m3/2 |
|
Surface energy y |
1 erg/cm2 |
1 mJ/m2 |
|
Temperature, T |
1°F |
0.556°K |
|
Thermal conductivity |
1 cal/s. cm.°C |
418.8 W/m.°C |
|
1 Btu/h. ft. F |
1.731 W/m.°C |
|
|
Volume, V |
1 Imperial gall |
4.546 X 10~3 m3 |
|
1 US gall |
3.785 X 10~3 m3 |
|
|
Viscosity, n |
1 poise |
0.1 N. s/m2 |
|
1 lb ft. s |
0.1517 N. s/m2 |
