Vegetation structure dynamics in pekarangan was analyzed between years 1996 and 2006 (Mayanti et al. 2007). The sample sites were located in BOPUNJUR, West Java Province. The samples were taken at the selected sites with different levels of urbanization, that is, the least urbanized sites, less urbanized sites, and urbanized sites. In 2006, there are 362 plants species in pekarangans. The result showed that between 1996 and 2006, the size of open space areas of pekarangan decreased, and the number of spesies also became less. However, the number of individual was increased because some plants, especially shrubs and ground covers can reproduce by themselves vegetatively. Some factors that influenced the changes of vegetation structure at pekarangan are (1) small open space area, (2) land fragmentation, (3) different owner, (4) changes in function of some part of the pekarangan, (5) plant popularity trend, and (6) economic condition changes.
Regarding vegetation stratification, it was observed that the first stratum of vegetation such as grasses and herbs was predominant in each level of urbanization, both in 1996 and 2006. In the intervening 10 years, the availability of tree strata was
|
Table 8.4 Number of species by plant function in 144 pekarangan samples on Java Island
|
Category
|
No.
|
Latin name
|
Family name
|
English name
|
|
I Starchy crops
|
|
1
|
Ipomoea batatas
|
Convolvulaceae
|
Sweet potato
|
|
2
|
Manihot esculenta
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Cassava
|
|
3
|
Oryza sativa
|
Poaceae
|
Asian rice
|
|
4
|
Solanum tuberosum
|
Solanales
|
Potato
|
|
5
|
Zea mays
|
Poaceae
|
Maize
|
|
II Fruit plants
|
|
1
|
Ananas comosus
|
Bromeliaceae
|
Pineapple
|
|
2
|
Annona muricata
|
Annonaceae
|
Soursop
|
|
3
|
Annona squamosa
|
Annonaceae
|
Sugar-apple
|
|
4
|
Artocarpus altilis
|
Moraceae
|
Breadfruit
|
|
5
|
Artocarpus heterophyllus
|
Moraceae
|
Jack fruit
|
|
6
|
Averrhoa carambola
|
Oxalidaceae
|
Starfruit
|
|
7
|
Carica papaya
|
Caricaceae
|
Papaya
|
|
8
|
Citrullus lanatus
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
Watermelon
|
|
9
|
Citrus sinensis
|
Rutaceae
|
Orange
|
|
10
|
Cucumis melo
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
Melon
|
|
11
|
Dimocarpus longan
|
Sapindaceae
|
Longan
|
|
12
|
Durio zibethinus
|
Malvaceae
|
Durian
|
|
13
|
Fragaria xananassa
|
Rosaceae
|
Strawberry
|
|
14
|
Garcinia mangostana
|
Clusiaceae
|
Mangosteen
|
|
15
|
Lansium domesticum
|
Meliaceae
|
Dookoo
|
|
16
|
Malus domestica
|
Rosaceae
|
Apple
|
|
17
|
Mangifera indica
|
Anacardiacea
|
Mango
|
|
18
|
Manilkara zapota
|
Sapotaceae
|
Sapodilla
|
|
19
|
Musa paradisiaca
|
Musaceae
|
Banana
|
|
20
|
Nephellium lappaceum
|
Sapindaceae
|
Rambutan
|
|
21
|
Passiflora edulis
|
Passifloracea
|
Passionfruit
|
|
22
|
Persea americana
|
Lauraceae
|
Avocado
|
|
23
|
Phoenix dactylifera
|
Arecaceae
|
Date palm
|
|
24
|
Punica granatum
|
Lythraceae
|
Pomegranate
|
|
25
|
Salacca zalacca
|
Arecaceae
|
Snake fruit
|
|
26
|
Sandoricum koetjape
|
Meliaceae
|
Santol or Sandorica
|
|
27
|
Spondias dulcis
|
Anacardiaceae
|
Golden apple
|
|
28
|
Syzygium samarangense
|
Myrtaceae
|
Wax apples
|
|
29
|
Vitis vinifera
|
Vitaceae
|
Grape
|
|
III Vegetable
|
|
1
|
Allium fistulosum
|
Alliaceae
|
Spring onion
|
|
2
|
Amaranthus spp.
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Amaranth
|
|
3
|
Apium graveolens
|
Apiaceae
|
Celery
|
|
4
|
Archidendron pauciflorum
|
Fabaceae
|
Jengkol
|
|
5
|
Brassica oleracea
|
Brassicaceae
|
Cabbage
|
|
6
|
Brassica rapa
|
Brassicaceae
|
Chinese cabbage
|
|
7
|
Citrus aurantifolia
|
Rutaceae
|
Key lime
|
|
8
|
Cucumis sativus
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
Cucumber
|
|
9
|
Daucus carota
|
Apiaceae
|
Carrot
|
|
|
Table 8.4 (continued)
|
Category
|
No.
|
Latin name
|
Family name
|
English name
|
|
10
|
Gnetum gnemon
|
Gnetaceae
|
Melinjo
|
|
11
|
Ipomoea aquatica
|
Convolvulaceae
|
Water spinach
|
|
12
|
Luffa acutangula
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
Silk squash
|
|
13
|
Momordica charantia
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
Bitter melon
|
|
14
|
Parkia speciosa
|
Fabaceae
|
Stink bean
|
|
15
|
Phaseolus lunatus
|
Fabaceae
|
Lima bean
|
|
16
|
Sauropus androgynus
|
Phyllanthaceae
|
Sweet leaf
|
|
17
|
Sechium edule
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
Chayote
|
|
18
|
Solanum lycopersicum
|
Solanaceae
|
Tomato
|
|
19
|
Solanum melongena
|
Solanaceae
|
Eggplant
|
|
20
|
Solanum nigrum
|
Solanaceae
|
Black nightshade
|
|
21
|
Vigna unguiculata
|
Fabaceae
|
Yardlong bean
|
|
IV Spice crops
|
|
1
|
Alpinia galanga
|
Zingiberaceae
|
Blue ginger
|
|
2
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Solanaceae
|
Chili
|
|
3
|
Curcuma longa
|
Zingiberaceae
|
Turmeric
|
|
4
|
Cymbopogon citratus
|
Poaceae
|
Lemon grass
|
|
5
|
Etlingera elatior
|
Zingiberaceae
|
Torch ginger
|
|
6
|
Myristica fragrans
|
Myristicaceae
|
Nutmeg
|
|
7
|
Pandanus amaryllifolius
|
Pandanaceae
|
Pandan
|
|
8
|
Syzygium polyanthum
|
Myrtaceae
|
Bay leaf
|
|
9
|
Zingiber zerumbet
|
Zingiberaceae
|
Shampoo ginger
|
|
V Medicinal plants
|
|
1
|
Andrographis paniculata
|
Acanthaceae
|
Creat
|
|
2
|
Blumea balsamifera
|
Asteraceae
|
Sambong
|
|
3
|
Chloranthus erectus
|
Chloranthaceae
|
Cryphaea
|
|
4
|
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides
|
Apiaceae
|
Lawn pennywort
|
|
5
|
Melastoma polyanthum
|
Melastomataceae
|
Grass jelly
|
|
6
|
Morinda citrifolia
|
Rubiaceae
|
Great morinda
|
|
7
|
Orthosiphon aristatus
|
Lamiaceae
|
Cat’s whiskers
|
|
8
|
Phaleria papuana
|
Thymelaeaceae
|
God’s crown
|
|
9
|
Piper betle
|
Piperaceae
|
Betel
|
|
10
|
Pluchea indica
|
Asteraceae
|
Marsh fleabane
|
|
11
|
Sonchus arvensis
|
Asteraceae
|
Swine thistle
|
|
12
|
Tinospora crispa
|
Menispermaceae
|
Guduchi
|
|
13
|
Zingiber officinale
|
Zingiberaceae
|
Ginger
|
|
VI Industrial plants
|
|
1
|
Camellia sinensis
|
Theaceae
|
Tea
|
|
2
|
Ceiba pentandra
|
Malvaceae
|
Kapok
|
|
3
|
Cocos nucifera
|
Arecaceae
|
Coconut
|
|
4
|
Coffea arabica
|
Rubiaceae
|
Coffee
|
|
5
|
Hevea brasiliensis
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Rubber tree
|
|
6
|
Paraserianthes falcataria
|
Fabaceae
|
Albizia
|
|
7
|
Saccharum officinarum
|
Poaceae
|
Sugar cane
|
|
8
|
Syzygium aromaticum
|
Myrtaceae
|
Clove
|
|
9
|
Theobroma cacao
|
Malvaceae
|
Cacao
|
|
Table 8.4 (continued)
Category No. Latin name Family name English name
VII Ornamental plants
|
1
|
Acalypha macrophylla
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Copperleaves
|
|
2
|
Adenium obesum
|
Apocynaceae
|
Desert-rose
|
|
3
|
Adiatum spp.
|
Pteridaceae
|
Maidenhair ferns
|
|
4
|
Agave spp.
|
Agavaceae
|
Agave
|
|
5
|
Aglaonema spp.
|
Araceae
|
Aglaonema
|
|
6
|
Aloe vera
|
Asphodelaceae
|
Aloe vera
|
|
7
|
Alternanthera amoena
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Alternanthera
|
|
8
|
Anthurium scherzeranum
|
Araceae
|
Flamingo plant
|
|
9
|
Araucaria heterophylla
|
Araucariaceae
|
Norfolk island pine
|
|
10
|
Axonopus compressus
|
Poaceae
|
Lawn grass
|
|
11
|
Bauhinia purpurea
|
Fabaceae
|
Hongkong orchid tree
|
|
12
|
Begonia spp.
|
Begoniaceae
|
Begonia
|
|
13
|
Bougenvillea spp.
|
Nyctaginaceae
|
Paper flower
|
|
14
|
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
|
Fabaceae
|
Peacock flower
|
|
15
|
Caladium spp.
|
Araceae
|
Caladium
|
|
16
|
Calathea makoyana
|
Marantaceae
|
Peacock plant
|
|
17
|
Cananga odorata
|
Annonaceae
|
Cananga tree
|
|
18
|
Canna edulis
|
Cannaceae
|
Canna
|
|
19
|
Carex morrowii
|
Cyperacea
|
Japanese sedge
|
|
20
|
Catharanthus roseus
|
Apocynaceae
|
Vinca
|
|
21
|
Chlorophytum comosum
|
Agavaceae
|
Spider plant
|
|
22
|
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens
|
Arecaceae
|
Golden cane palm
|
|
23
|
Chrysanthemum spp.
|
Asteraceae
|
Chrysanths
|
|
24
|
Clerodendron paniculatum
|
Clerodendron
|
Pagoda flower
|
|
25
|
Codiaeum variegatum
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Garden croton
|
|
26
|
Coleus blumei
|
Lamiaceae
|
Coleus
|
|
27
|
Cordyline fruticosa
|
Asparagaceae
|
Red palm lily
|
|
28
|
Cordyline terminalis
|
Asparagaceae
|
Green palm lily
|
|
29
|
Crinum spp.
|
Amaryllidaceae
|
Crinum
|
|
30
|
Cuphea hyssopifolia
|
Lythraceae
|
Mexican heather
|
|
31
|
Cupressus papuana
|
Cupressaceae
|
Italian cypress
|
|
32
|
Cycas rumphii
|
Cycadaceae
|
Queen sago
|
|
33
|
Datura mollis
|
Solanaceae
|
Trumpet flower
|
|
34
|
Delonix regia
|
Fabaceae
|
Flamboyant
|
|
35
|
Dieffenbachia seguine
|
Araceae
|
Dumb cane
|
|
37
|
Dracaena angustifolia
|
Dracaenaceae
|
Dracaena
|
|
38
|
Dracaena sanderiana
|
Ruscaceae
|
Ribbon dracaena
|
|
39
|
Duranta spp.
|
Verbenaceae
|
Golden dewdrop
|
|
40
|
Epiphyllum oxypetalum
|
Cactaceae
|
Night queen
|
|
41
|
Epipremnum aureum
|
Araceae
|
Silver vine
|
|
42
|
Episcea cupreata
|
Gesneriaceae
|
Flame violet
|
|
43
|
Eugenia uniflora
|
Myrtaceae
|
Surinam cherry
|
|
44
|
Euphorbia milii
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Christ plant
|
|
Table 8.4 (continued)
Category No. Latin name Family name English name
|
|
|
45
|
Euphorbia pulcherrima
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Poinsettia
|
|
46
|
Ficus benjamina
|
Moraceae
|
Ficus tree
|
|
47
|
Ficus elastica
|
Moraceae
|
Rubber plant
|
|
48
|
Ficus lyrata
|
Moraceae
|
Fiddle-leaf fig
|
|
49
|
Gardenia augusta
|
Rubiaceae
|
Gardenia
|
|
50
|
Gerbera spp.
|
Asteraceae
|
Daisy
|
|
51
|
Gomphrena spp.
|
Amaranthaceae
|
Globe amaranth
|
|
52
|
Helianthus annuus
|
Asteraceae
|
Sun flower
|
|
53
|
Heliconia spp.
|
Heliconiaceae
|
Heliconia
|
|
54
|
Hemigraphis alternata
|
Acanthaceae
|
Metal leaf
|
|
55
|
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
|
Malvaceae
|
Shoe flower
|
|
56
|
Hydrangea spp.
|
Hydrangeaceae
|
Hortensia
|
|
57
|
Hyophorbe lagenicaulis
|
Arecaceae
|
Bottle palm
|
|
58
|
Impatiens balsamina
|
Balsaminaceae
|
Garden balsam
|
|
59
|
Impatiens walleriana
|
Balsaminaceae
|
Balsam/busy lizzy
|
|
60
|
Ixora javanica
|
Rubiaceae
|
Javanese ixora
|
|
61
|
Jasminum multiflorum
|
Oleaceae
|
Indian jasmine
|
|
62
|
Jasminum sambac
|
Oleaceae
|
Jasmine
|
|
63
|
Kalanchoe pinnata
|
Crassulaceae
|
Miracle leaf
|
|
64
|
Lilium spp.
|
Liliaceae
|
Lily
|
|
65
|
Livistona spp.
|
Arecaceae
|
Fan palms
|
|
66
|
Maihuenia spp.
|
Cactaceae
|
Cactus
|
|
67
|
Manihot esculenta "variegata"
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Variegated tapioca
|
|
68
|
Maranta leuconeura
|
Marantaceae
|
Maranta
|
|
69
|
Michelia alba
|
Magnoliaceae
|
White champaca
|
|
70
|
Michelia champaca
|
Magnoliaceae
|
Champaca
|
|
71
|
Mirabilis jalapa
|
Nyctaginaceae
|
Four o’clock flower
|
|
72
|
Neoregelia spp.
|
Bromeliaceae
|
Bromelia
|
|
73
|
Nerium oleander
|
Apocynaceae
|
Oleander
|
|
74
|
Nothopanax scutellarium
|
Araliaceae
|
Saucer-leaf
|
|
75
|
Nymphaea spp.
|
Nymphaeaceae
|
Water lily
|
|
76
|
Pachystachys lutea
|
Acanthaceae
|
Golden shrimp plant
|
|
77
|
Pedilanthus tithymaloides
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Christmas candle
|
|
78
|
Phalaenopsis amabilis
|
Orchidaceae
|
Moon orchid
|
|
79
|
Philodendron spp.
|
Araceae
|
Philodendron
|
|
80
|
Pilea cadierei
|
Urticaceae
|
Aluminium plant
|
|
81
|
Pinus merkusii
|
Pinaceae
|
Pine tree
|
|
82
|
Platycerium bifurcatum
|
Polypodiaceae
|
Elkhorn fern
|
|
83
|
Plumeria alba
|
Apocynaceae
|
Caterpillar tree
|
|
84
|
Polianthes tuberosa
|
Agavaceae
|
Tuberose
|
|
85
|
Portulaca spp.
|
Portulacaceae
|
Moss roses
|
|
86
|
Rhapis excels
|
Arecaceae
|
Bamboo palm
|
|
87
|
Rhoeo discolor
|
Asteraceae
|
Oyster plant
|
|
88
|
Ricinus communis
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
Castor oil plant
|
|
89
|
Rosa spp.
|
Rosaceae
|
Rose
|
|
|
|
Table 8.4 (continued)
|
Category No.
|
Latin name
|
Family name
|
English name
|
|
90
|
Sansevieria trifasciata
|
Agavaceae
|
Snake plant
|
|
91
|
Saraca asoca
|
Fabaceae
|
West Indian jasmine
|
|
92
|
Schefflera arboricola
|
Araliaceae
|
Dwarf umbrella tree
|
|
93
|
Scindapsus spp.
|
Araceae
|
Scindapsus
|
|
94
|
Spondias pinnata
|
Anacardiaceae
|
Common hog plum
|
|
95
|
Stachytarpheta mutabilis
|
Acanthaceae
|
Keji beling
|
|
96
|
Stenochlaena palustris
|
Blechnaceae
|
Epiphytic fern
|
|
97
|
Syngonium podophyllum
|
Araceae
|
Syngonium
|
|
98
|
Tagetes erecta
|
Asteraceae
|
African marigold
|
|
99
|
Thuja occidentalis
|
Cupressaceae
|
Graveyard cypress
|
|
100
|
Wedelia biflora
|
Asteraceae
|
Beach sunflower
|
|
101
|
Yucca guatemalensis
|
Agavaceae
|
Spineless yucca
|
|
102
|
Zepiranthes spp.
|
Amaryllidaceae
|
Fairy lily or Rain
|
|
|
|
lily
|
|
103
|
Zinnia spp.
|
Asteraceae
|
Zinnia
|
|
VIII Others
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
Albizia saman
|
Fabaceae
|
Saman tree
|
|
2
|
Bambusa spp.
|
Poaceae
|
Bamboo
|
|
3
|
Canarium ovatum
|
Burseraceae
|
Cesnut
|
|
4
|
Maesopsis eminii
|
Rhamnaceae
|
Umbrella tree
|
|
5
|
Pterocarpus indicus
|
Fabaceae
|
Narra
|
|
6
|
Swietenia mahogany
|
Meliaceae
|
Mahogany
|
|
7
|
Tectona grandis
|
Lamiaceae
|
Teak wood
|
|
reduced in pekarangan (Fig. 8.1). Most of these factors were thought to be correllated with the impact of urbanization. This study also proposed some actions to utilize pekarangan effectively through a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach, such as in plant selection, recycling systems, and revitalizing mixed agroforestry practices.
