The wide angle diffraction pattern of PRC2 and PRC3 films are shown in Fig. 5. The crystallinity of the composite membranes is mainly due to Phe. The characteristic diffraction peak for PRC2 and PRC3 were observed at a 20 value of 2.36o and 2.26o. The diffraction peak at 20 = 2.26 o is considerably broadened […]
Category: ADVANCES IN COMPOSITE MATERIALS – ECODESIGN AND ANALYSIS
Preparation of Phe-phosphomolybdic acid modified red mud nanocomposite materials (PRC) and Phe-organically modified red mud nanocomposite materials (PNC)
10% (w/v) solution of Phe was prepared by dissolving dried Phe in THF with continuous stirring at 50 oC. Polymer nanocomposite (PN) films were made by mixing different loading percentage of phosphomolybdic acid modified red mud (PRM) and organically modified red mud (ORM) into the virgin Phe solution, stirred constantly and sonicated for half an […]
Differential scanning calorimetry
DSC traces of PVA and polymer nanocomposite materials are shown in Fig. 22. PVA exhibited an endotherm at 52.oC corresponding to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVA [90]. All the nanocomposite materials with different critical loading percentage of modified red mud were found to have a high Tg compared to the bulk PVA. This […]
Thermogravimetric properties
The thermal stability of the raw red mud, ORM, pure PVA and PVA nanocomposite membranes with different filler content was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The TGA thermograms of the raw red mud, ORM, and PVA – nanocomposite films are shown in Fig. 19, Fig.20 and Fig. 21 respectively. The raw red mud is thermally stable […]
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
The surface morphology of the pure PVA membrane and the PVA-modified nanocomposite membranes were analyzed by Tapping Mode – Atomic Force Microscopy (TM-AFM). Quantitatively, the differences in the morphology can be expressed in terms of various roughness parameters such as the mean roughness Ra, the root mean square (rms) of vertical data Rq, and the […]
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
TEM complements XRD by observing a very small section of the material for the possibility of intercalation or exfoliation. It also provides information about the particle size and nanodispersion of particles. It however, supplies information on a very local scale. However, it is a valuable tool because it enables us to see the polymer and […]
SEM
On higher magnification (10,000 X) viewing of morphology of pristine PVA SP4 and SP5 type of nanocomposite films in Figure 11 (a) , (b) and (c) respectively, it was found that the morphology of polymer nanocomposite films becomes much smooth than pure PVA. The granules shape of PVA indicates some crystalline behavior occurring in pure […]
X – ray diffraction study
Wide angle X-ray diffraction studies were performed on raw red mud and the modified red mud as shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 9. Xrd pattern of (a) Raw red mud (b) Phosphomolybdic acid modified red mud (c) Organically modified red mud The spacing, d001, of the (001) basal reflections of the Raw red mud and […]
FTIR spectroscopy
The nature of the chemical bonds in raw red mud and the modified red mud were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra of raw red mud and acid modified red mud are shown in Fig. 5 and it clearly depicts the main characteristic peaks associated with them. The characteristic vibration band of raw red […]
Experimental
1.3 Preparation of PVA-acid red mud nanocomposite materials and organically modified red mud nanocomposite materials 10% (w/v) aqueous solution of PVA was prepared by dissolving 10g of dried powdered PVA in 100ml of distilled water at a temperature of 100 oC with continuous stirring. Polymer modified red mud nanocomposite (PRM) films were made by mixing […]